Table 3 Odds of having chest wall syndrome (CWS) for all potential predictors and availability of each variable for external validation. Final variables retained for the clinical prediction rule are given in bold
From: Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for chest wall syndrome in primary care
Simple variables | OR CWS vs. others (95% CI) | P-value | Available forexternal validation |
|---|---|---|---|
Trivial (history and physical examination) | 9.11 (5.52-15.03) | <0.001 | No |
Pain reproducible by palpation | 6.47 (4.58-9.15) | <0.001 | Yes |
No history of coronary heart disease | 5.12 (2.88-9.12) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain not retrosternal | 5.08 (2.94-8.78) | <0.001 | Yes |
Absence of general practitioner’s concern | 4.96 (2.79-8.84) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain well localized (history) | 2.65 (1.91-3.67) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain superficial | 2.48 (1.72-3.56) | <0.001 | No |
Pain well localized (physical examination) | 2.46 (1.78-3.39) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain not oppressive | 2.37 (1.69-3.31) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain related to position | 2.13 (1.48-3.06) | <0.001 | No |
Stabbing pain | 2.11 (1.38-3.24) | 0.001 | Yes |
Pain related to movement | 2.06 (1.42-3.01) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain is not burning | 1.62 (0.94-2.77) | 0.081 | Yes |
Pain is not spread | 1.52 (1.03-2.25) | 0.037 | No |
Pain is not deep | 1.30 (0.95-1.78) | 0.100 | No |
Pain related to breathing | 1.19 (0.83-1.71) | 0.344 | Yes |
Absence of stressful stimulus | 1.15 (0.72-1.82) | 0.560 | No |
Intermittent pain | 0.95 (0.69-1.29) | 0.723 | Yes |
Absence of patient’s concern | 0.92 (0.67-1.26) | 0.613 | Yes |
Radiating pain | 0.78 (0.51-1.20) | 0.255 | Yes |
Pain is accompanied by cough | 0.83 (0.56-1.24) | 0.361 | Yes |
Pain related to cough | 0.57 (0.37-0.89) | 0.013 | No |
Combined variables ‡ | |||
Pain neither retrosternal nor oppressive | 3.11 (2.24-4.33) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain well localized (history and/or physical examination) | 3.07 (2.17-4.35) | <0.001 | Yes |
Pain related to mechanical factors (position and/or movement) | 2.56 (1.85-3.56) | <0.001 | No |
Pain is accompanied by digestive symptoms§ | 0.54 (0.35-0.85) | 0.01 | No |