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Table 1 Frequency distribution of respondents by socio-demographic characteristics and selected variables

From: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Demographic characteristics (n=2508)

Mean

SD

n

Percentage (%)

Age (years)

56.6

10.67

  

30 – 39

  

158

6.3

40 – 49

  

458

18.3

50 – 59

  

891

35.5

60 – 69

  

728

29.0

70 – 79

  

238

9.5

≥ 80

  

35

1.4

Sex

    

Male

  

975

38.9

Female

  

1533

61.1

Ethnicity a

    

Malay

  

1282

51.2

Chinese

  

438

17.5

Asian Indian

  

787

31.3

Highest Educational Level

    

None

  

285

11.4

Never completed primary school

  

423

16.9

Completed primary school

  

519

20.7

Never completed secondary school

  

462

18.4

Completed secondary school

  

523

20.9

A-Level/STPM/HSC

  

184

7.3

Tertiary

  

112

4.5

Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR b )

1,974.6

1,869.12

  

< 400

  

114

4.5

400 – 699

  

277

11.0

700 – 999

  

313

12.5

1000 – 1999

  

798

31.8

2000 – 2999

  

510

20.3

3000 – 3999

  

207

8.3

4000 – 4999

  

105

4.2

≥ 5000

  

184

7.3

Marital Status

    

Never married

  

71

2.8

Married/Cohabiting

  

2048

81.7

Divorced/Separated/Widowed

  

389

15.5

Current Job Status

    

Civil servant

  

227

9.0

Private Sector employee

  

448

17.8

Self-employed

  

171

6.8

Government retiree

  

210

8.4

Private retiree

  

158

6.3

Studying and working

  

2

0.2

Student

  

2

0.1

Housewife

  

781

31.1

Unemployed

  

509

20.3

BMI (kg/m 2 )

27.83

5.395

  

Underweight (< 18.5)

  

28

1.1

Normal (≥ 18.5 - < 25.0)

  

751

29.9

Overweight (≥ 25.0 - < 30.0)

  

1034

41.2

Obese (≥ 30.0)

  

695

27.7

Abdominal Obesity

    

No

  

540

21.5

Yes

  

1968

78.5

Serum Cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.03

0.878

  

< 5.2

  

1767

70.5

≥ 5.2

  

741

29.5

HbA1c (%) a

8.36

2.038

  

≤8.5

  

1537

61.3

>8.5

  

970

38.7

Duration of Diabetes (years)

7.7

6.26

  

< 2 yrs

  

206

8.2

2 - < 10 yrs

  

1521

60.6

10 - < 20 yrs

  

586

23.4

≥ 20 yrs

  

195

7.8

Co-morbidity c

    

No

  

530

21.1

Yes

  

1978

78.9

Psychiatric illness in family

    

No

  

2484

99.0

Yes

  

24

1.0

Diabetes in family

    

No

  

661

26.4

Yes

  

1847

73.6

Life events within the last 6 months

    

No

  

1373

54.7

Yes

  

1135

45.3

Smoking status †

    

Non-smoker

  

2089

83.3

Former smoker

  

160

6.4

Current smoker

  

259

10.3

Alcohol Consumption Status‡

    

Lifetime abstainer

  

2326

92.7

Former drinker

  

88

3.5

Current drinker

  

94

3.8

Leisure-time Physical Activity Status§

    

Regular activity

  

793

31.6

Some activity

  

483

19.3

Inactive

  

1232

49.1

Life events within the last 6 months¶

    

No

  

1373

54.7

Yes

  

1135

45.3

  1. a one missing data.
  2. b1 USD is approximately 3 MYR.
  3. c Co-morbidity –any chronic co-morbid condition present.
  4. † Non-smoker - Respondent who reported to have never smoked at least 100 cigarettes in his lifetime.
  5. Current smoker- Respondents who reported to have smoked 100 or more cigarettes in his lifetime and currently smoked daily or some days.
  6. Former smoker - Respondents who reported to have smoked 100 or more cigarettes in his lifetime but not smoking currently.
  7. ‡ a) Current drinker – persons who have had at least 12 drinks in their lifetime and at least one drink in the previous year.
  8. b) Former drinker - persons who have had ≥12 drinks in their lifetime, but no drinks in the past year.
  9. c) Lifetime abstainer – had < 12 drinks in his/her entire lifetime.
  10. §a) Inactive – did not report any sessions of light to moderate or vigorous leisure-time physical activity of at least 10 minutes or reported they were unable to perform leisure-time physical activity.
  11. b) Some leisure-time activity – at least 1 session of light to moderate or vigorous activity of at least 10 minutes in duration but did not meet the requirement of regular leisure-time activity.
  12. c) Regular leisure-time activity – at least 3 sessions per week of vigorous leisure-time activity lasting at least 20 minutes or at least 5 sessions per week of light to moderate physical activity lasting at least 30 minutes or both.
  13. ¶ Life events – any sudden change in one’s life whether desirable or undesirable.