Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Gurpreet Kaur; Guat Hiong Tee; Suthahar Ariaratnam; Ambigga S Krishnapillai; Karuthan China

doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-69

Table 2 Frequency distribution of respondents by depression status and socio-demographic characteristics and other selected variables

From: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Variables	Depression symptoms				P	_cOR	95% CI
Variables	No (n) ^†	(%)	Yes (n) ‡	(%)	P	_cOR	Lower	Upper
Age (Years)					0.593
30 – 39*	138	87.3	20	12.7	-	-	-	-
40 - 49	407	88.3	54	11.7	0.752	0.915	0.53	1.58
50 - 59	796	89.5	93	10.5	0.413	0.806	0.48	1.35
60 – 69	645	88.6	83	11.4	0.655	0.888	0.53	1.50
70 - 79	205	86.9	33	13.1	0.730	1.111	0.61	2.02
≥ 80	28	82.4	6	17.6	0.443	1.479	0.55	4.01
Sex
Male*	886	90.9	89	9.1	-	-	-	-
Female	1332	87.0	200	13.0	0.030	1.49	1.15	1.94
Ethnicity (n=2507)					0.006
Malay*	1155	90.1	127	9.9		-	-	-
Chinese	390	89.0	48	11.0	0.529	1.12	0.79	1.59
Asian Indian	673	85.5	114	14.5	0.002	1.54	1.18	2.02
Educational Level					0.006
None	231	81.9	54	18.1	0.001	2.24	1.37	3.65
Primary education	837	88.9	105	11.1	0.414	1.20	0.77	1.86
Secondary education	883	89.6	102	10.4	0.655	1.11	0.71	1.72
Tertiary education*	268	90.5	28	9.5	-	-	-	-
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)					0.006
< 1,000	92	80.7	22	19.3	0.001	1.90	1.28	2.80
1,000 -< 3,000	238	85.9	39	14.1	0.021	1.54	1.07	2.23
≥ 3,000*	276	88.2	37	11.8	-	-	-	-
Marital Status					0.000
Never married	55	77.5	16	22.5	0.001	2.72	1.53	4.83
Divorced/widowed/separated	1850	90.3	198	9.7	0.000	2.23	1.67	2.99
Married*	314	80.7	75	19.3	-	-	-	-
Current Job Status					0.013
Unemployed	438	85.4	75	14.6	0.005	1.62	1.16	2.26
Housewives	682	87.3	99	12.7	0.047	1.37	1.00	1.82
Retired	334	90.8	34	9.2	0.855	0.96	0.63	1.46
Employed*	765	90.4	81	9.6	-	-	-	-
BMI (kg/m ² )					0.207
< 25.0*	686	88.1	93	11.9	-	-	-	-
≥ 25.0	928	89.7	106	10.3	0.256	0.84	0.63	01.13
≥30.0	605	87.1	90	12.9	0.557	1.10	0.81	1.50
Abdominal Obesity
No *	484	89.6	56	10.4	-	-	-	-
Yes	1735	88.2	233	11.8	0.344	1.16	0.85	1.58
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
<5.2*	1555	88.0	212	12.0	-	-	-	-
≥ 5.2	664	89.6	77	10.4	0.251	0.85	0.65	1.12
HbA1c level (%)
≤8.5 *	1369	89.1	168	10.9	-	-	-	-
>8.5	849	87.5	121	12.5	0.239	1.16	0.91	1.49
Duration of diabetes (years)
< 2	173	84.0	33	16.0	0.036	1.53	1.03	2.26
≥ 2*	2046	88.9	256	11.1	-	-	-	-
Co-morbidity
No*	466	87.9	64	12.1	-	-	-	-
Yes	1753	88.6	225	11.4	0.654	0.94	0.70	1.26
Psychiatric illness in family
No*	2202	88.6	282	11.4	-	-	-	-
Yes	17	70.8	7	29.2	0.010	3.22	1.32	7.82
Diabetes in family
No*	582	88.0	79	12.0	-	-	-	-
Yes	1637	88.6	210	11.4	0.688	0.945	0.718	1.245
Life events within the past 6 months
No*	1221	88.9	152	11.1	-	-	-	-
Yes	998	87.9	137	12.1	0.435	1.103	0.863	1.410
Smoking status					0.550
Non smoker*	1842	88.2	247	11.8	-	-	-	-
Former smoker	143	89.4	17	10.6	0.304	0.797	0.517	1.229
Current smoker	234	90.3	25	9.7	0.650	0.887	0.527	1.491
Current drinker
No*	2140	88.6	274	11.4	-	-	-	-
Yes	79	84.0	15	16.0	0.173	1.48	0.84	2.61
Leisure-time physical activity level
Inactive	1077	87.4	155	12.6	0.103	1.23	0.96	1.57
Active*	1142	89.5	134	10.5	-	-	-	-

_cOR –Crude odds ratio.
*- Reference group.
^† - Scores of 0–9 (normal).
‡ − Scores of ≥ 10 (mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe).

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