|
Age (Years)
| | | | |
0.593
| | | |
|
30 – 39*
|
138
|
87.3
|
20
|
12.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
40 - 49
|
407
|
88.3
|
54
|
11.7
|
0.752
|
0.915
|
0.53
|
1.58
|
|
50 - 59
|
796
|
89.5
|
93
|
10.5
|
0.413
|
0.806
|
0.48
|
1.35
|
|
60 – 69
|
645
|
88.6
|
83
|
11.4
|
0.655
|
0.888
|
0.53
|
1.50
|
|
70 - 79
|
205
|
86.9
|
33
|
13.1
|
0.730
|
1.111
|
0.61
|
2.02
|
|
≥ 80
|
28
|
82.4
|
6
|
17.6
|
0.443
|
1.479
|
0.55
|
4.01
|
|
Sex
| | | | | | | | |
|
Male*
|
886
|
90.9
|
89
|
9.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Female
|
1332
|
87.0
|
200
|
13.0
|
0.030
|
1.49
|
1.15
|
1.94
|
|
Ethnicity (n=2507)
| | | | |
0.006
| | | |
|
Malay*
|
1155
|
90.1
|
127
|
9.9
| |
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Chinese
|
390
|
89.0
|
48
|
11.0
|
0.529
|
1.12
|
0.79
|
1.59
|
|
Asian Indian
|
673
|
85.5
|
114
|
14.5
|
0.002
|
1.54
|
1.18
|
2.02
|
|
Educational Level
| | | | |
0.006
| | | |
|
None
|
231
|
81.9
|
54
|
18.1
|
0.001
|
2.24
|
1.37
|
3.65
|
|
Primary education
|
837
|
88.9
|
105
|
11.1
|
0.414
|
1.20
|
0.77
|
1.86
|
|
Secondary education
|
883
|
89.6
|
102
|
10.4
|
0.655
|
1.11
|
0.71
|
1.72
|
|
Tertiary education*
|
268
|
90.5
|
28
|
9.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
| | | | |
0.006
| | | |
|
< 1,000
|
92
|
80.7
|
22
|
19.3
|
0.001
|
1.90
|
1.28
|
2.80
|
|
1,000 -< 3,000
|
238
|
85.9
|
39
|
14.1
|
0.021
|
1.54
|
1.07
|
2.23
|
|
≥ 3,000*
|
276
|
88.2
|
37
|
11.8
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Marital Status
| | | | |
0.000
| | | |
|
Never married
|
55
|
77.5
|
16
|
22.5
|
0.001
|
2.72
|
1.53
|
4.83
|
|
Divorced/widowed/separated
|
1850
|
90.3
|
198
|
9.7
|
0.000
|
2.23
|
1.67
|
2.99
|
|
Married*
|
314
|
80.7
|
75
|
19.3
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Current Job Status
| | | | |
0.013
| | | |
|
Unemployed
|
438
|
85.4
|
75
|
14.6
|
0.005
|
1.62
|
1.16
|
2.26
|
|
Housewives
|
682
|
87.3
|
99
|
12.7
|
0.047
|
1.37
|
1.00
|
1.82
|
|
Retired
|
334
|
90.8
|
34
|
9.2
|
0.855
|
0.96
|
0.63
|
1.46
|
|
Employed*
|
765
|
90.4
|
81
|
9.6
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| | | | |
0.207
| | | |
|
< 25.0*
|
686
|
88.1
|
93
|
11.9
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
≥ 25.0
|
928
|
89.7
|
106
|
10.3
|
0.256
|
0.84
|
0.63
|
01.13
|
|
≥30.0
|
605
|
87.1
|
90
|
12.9
|
0.557
|
1.10
|
0.81
|
1.50
|
|
Abdominal Obesity
| | | | | | | | |
|
No *
|
484
|
89.6
|
56
|
10.4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
1735
|
88.2
|
233
|
11.8
|
0.344
|
1.16
|
0.85
|
1.58
|
|
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
| | | | | | | | |
|
<5.2*
|
1555
|
88.0
|
212
|
12.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
≥ 5.2
|
664
|
89.6
|
77
|
10.4
|
0.251
|
0.85
|
0.65
|
1.12
|
|
HbA1c level (%)
| | | | | | | | |
|
≤8.5 *
|
1369
|
89.1
|
168
|
10.9
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
>8.5
|
849
|
87.5
|
121
|
12.5
|
0.239
|
1.16
|
0.91
|
1.49
|
|
Duration of diabetes (years)
| | | | | | | | |
|
< 2
|
173
|
84.0
|
33
|
16.0
|
0.036
|
1.53
|
1.03
|
2.26
|
|
≥ 2*
|
2046
|
88.9
|
256
|
11.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Co-morbidity
| | | | | | | | |
|
No*
|
466
|
87.9
|
64
|
12.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
1753
|
88.6
|
225
|
11.4
|
0.654
|
0.94
|
0.70
|
1.26
|
|
Psychiatric illness in family
| | | | | | | | |
|
No*
|
2202
|
88.6
|
282
|
11.4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
17
|
70.8
|
7
|
29.2
|
0.010
|
3.22
|
1.32
|
7.82
|
|
Diabetes in family
| | | | | | | | |
|
No*
|
582
|
88.0
|
79
|
12.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
1637
|
88.6
|
210
|
11.4
|
0.688
|
0.945
|
0.718
|
1.245
|
|
Life events within the past 6 months
| | | | | | | | |
|
No*
|
1221
|
88.9
|
152
|
11.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
998
|
87.9
|
137
|
12.1
|
0.435
|
1.103
|
0.863
|
1.410
|
|
Smoking status
| | | | |
0.550
| | | |
|
Non smoker*
|
1842
|
88.2
|
247
|
11.8
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Former smoker
|
143
|
89.4
|
17
|
10.6
|
0.304
|
0.797
|
0.517
|
1.229
|
|
Current smoker
|
234
|
90.3
|
25
|
9.7
|
0.650
|
0.887
|
0.527
|
1.491
|
|
Current drinker
| | | | | | | | |
|
No*
|
2140
|
88.6
|
274
|
11.4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Yes
|
79
|
84.0
|
15
|
16.0
|
0.173
|
1.48
|
0.84
|
2.61
|
|
Leisure-time physical activity level
| | | | | | | | |
|
Inactive
|
1077
|
87.4
|
155
|
12.6
|
0.103
|
1.23
|
0.96
|
1.57
|
|
Active*
|
1142
|
89.5
|
134
|
10.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
