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Table 3 Frequency distribution of respondents by anxiety status and socio-demographic characteristics and other selected variables

From: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting

Variables

Anxiety symptoms

P

cOR

95% CI

No (n) †

(%)

Yes (n) ‡

(%)

Lower

Upper

Age (Years)

    

0.006

   

30 – 39*

102

64.6

56

35.4

-

-

-

-

40 - 49

341

74.2

119

25.8

0.021

0.63

0.43

0.93

50 - 59

628

70.6

261

29.4

0.126

0.76

0.53

1.08

60 – 69

504

69.2

224

30.8

0.253

0.81

0.56

1.16

70 - 79

144

60.5

94

39.5

0.416

1.19

0.78

1.80

≥ 80

22

64.7

12

35.3

0.987

0.99

0.46

2.16

Sex

        

Male*

710

72.8

265

27.2

-

-

-

-

Female

1032

67.3

501

32.7

0.004

1.30

1.09

1.55

Ethnicity

    

0.022

   

Malay*

911

71.0

372

29.0

-

-

-

-

Chinese

314

71.7

124

28.3

0.778

0.97

0.76

1.23

Asian Indian

516

65.7

270

34.3

0.012

1.28

1.06

1.55

Educational Level

    

0.070

   

None

184

64.6

101

35.4

0.045

1.43

1.01

2.04

Primary education

629

66.8

313

33.2

0.076

1.30

0.97

1.73

Secondary education

715

72.6

270

27.4

0.922

0.99

0.74

1.32

Tertiary education*

214

72.3

82

27.7

-

-

-

-

Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)

    

0.001

   

< 1,000

457

64.9

247

35.1

0.000

1.64

1.27

2.12

1,000 -< 3,000

912

69.7

396

30.3

0.022

1.32

1.04

1.67

≥ 3,000*

373

75.2

123

24.8

-

-

-

-

Marital Status

    

0.010

   

Never married

52

73.2

19

26.8

0.626

0.88

0.51

1.49

Divorced/widowed/separated

1445

70.6

603

29.4

0.003

1.41

1.12

1.77

Married*

245

63.0

144

37.0

-

-

-

-

Current Job Status

    

0.000

   

Unemployed

315

61.4

198

38.6

0.000

1.86

1.47

2.35

Housewives

530

67.9

251

32.1

0.002

1.40

1.13

1.74

Retired

265

72.0

103

28.0

0.326

1.15

0.87

1.51

Employed*

632

74.7

214

25.3

-

-

-

-

BMI (kg/m 2 )

    

0.472

   

< 25.0*

529

67.9

250

32.1

-

-

-

-

≥ 25.0

721

69.7

313

30.3

0.407

0.92

0.75

1.12

≥ 30.0

492

70.8

203

29.2

0.023

0.87

0.70

1.09

Abdominal Obesity

        

No*

373

69.1

167

30.9

-

-

-

-

Yes

1369

69.6

599

30.4

0.827

0.98

0.80

1.20

Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)

        

<5.2*

1215

68.8

552

38.2

0.242

0.90

0.74

1.08

≥ 5.2

527

71.1

214

28.9

-

-

-

-

HbA1c level (%)

        

≤8.5*

1101

71.6

436

28.4

-

-

-

-

>8.5

641

66.1

329

33.9

0.003

1.30

1.09

1.54

Duration of DM (years)

        

< 2

158

76.7

48

23.3

0.019

1.49

1.07

2.09

≥ 2*

1584

68.8

718

31.2

-

-

-

-

Co-morbidity

        

No*

382

72.1

148

27.9

-

-

-

-

Yes

1360

68.8

618

31.2

0.141

1.17

0.95

1.45

Psychiatric illness in family

        

No*

1730

69.6

754

30.4

0.043

2.29

1.03

5.13

Yes

12

50.0

12

50.0

-

-

-

-

Diabetes in family

        

No*

477

72.2

184

37.8

0.079

1.19

0.98

1.45

Yes

1265

68.5

582

31.5

-

-

-

-

Life events within the past 6 months

        

No*

996

72.5

377

27.5

-

-

-

-

Yes

746

65.7

389

34.3

0.000

1.38

1.16

1.63

Smoking status

    

0.064

   

Non smoker*

1433

68.6

656

31.4

-

-

-

-

Former smoker

186

71.8

73

28.2

0.030

0.66

0.45

0.96

Current smoker

123

76.9

37

23.1

0.292

0.86

0.64

1.14

Current drinker

        

No*

1677

69.5

737

30.5

-

-

-

-

Yes

65

69.1

29

30.9

0.947

1.015

0.650

1.59

Leisure-time physical activity level

        

Active*

931

73.0

345

27.0

-

-

-

-

Inactive

811

65.8

421

34.2

0.000

1.40

1.18

1.66

  1. cOR –Crude odds ratio.
  2. *- Reference group.
  3. † - Scores of 0–7 (normal).
  4. ‡ − Scores of ≥ 8 (mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe).