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Table 2 Univariate (OR 95% CI) and multivariate (OR 95% CI) analysis of associations between socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare utilisation, and physical health, and ever having had a PSA test (Stage 1: Core Model)

From: Prostate specific antigen testing is associated with men’s psychological and physical health and their healthcare utilisation in a nationally representative sample: a cross-sectional study

Variables associated with PSA testing

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

  

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

Socio-demographic factors

       

Age at interview

Years

1.03

1.02-1.04

<0.001

1.02

1.00- 1.03

0.012

Marital status

Married

1.00

Ref

 

1.00

Ref

 
 

Single

0.58

0.47-0.72

<0.001

0.69

0.55-0.87

0.001

 

Separated/Divorced

0.52

0.39-0.70

<0.001

0.68

0.50-0.92

0.014

 

Widowed

0.91

0.70-1.18

0.466

0.70

0.53-0.94

0.017

Education

Primary

1.00

Ref

 

1.00

Ref

 

Secondary

1.13

0.96-1.33

0.131

1.31

1.09-1.57

0.004

Third Level

1.56

1.30-1.88

<0.001

1.49

1.22-1.83

<0.001

Employment

Employed

1.00

Ref

 

1.00

Ref

 

Retired

1.52

1.30-1.78

<0.001

1.23

0.99-1.53

0.056

Other

0.51

0.42-0.63

<0.001

0.67

0.53-0.85

0.001

Smoking status

Never

1.00

Ref

 

1.00

Ref

 

Past

1.05

0.89-1.23

0.553

0.96

0.81-1.14

0.634

Current

0.45

0.37-0.55

<0.001

0.56

0.45-0.69

<0.001

Private health insurance

Yes

2.35

2.04-2.71

<0.001

   

Healthcare utilisation factors

      

Number of GP visits

Continuous

1.04

1.02-1.06

<0.001

1.03

1.01-1.05

0.001

Influenza vaccine

Ever

1.76

1.53-2.03

<0.001

1.35

1.13-1.60

0.001

GMS scheme eligible

Yes

0.86

0.74-0.98

0.029

0.63

0.52-0.77

<0.001

Number of medicines

Continuous

1.12

1.08-1.15

<0.001

   

Cholesterol test

Yes

17.00

12.9-22.4

<0.001

   

Physical health

       

Chronic illnesses

Continuous

1.25

1.19-1.32

<0.001

1.11

1.05-1.19

0.001

Prior cancer diagnosis

Yes

3.66

2.38-5.64

<0.001

2.74

1.74-4.30

<0.001

Treated BPH

Yes

3.87

2.45-6.14

<0.001

2.66

1.65-4.27

<0.001

  1. Variables for which multivariate ORs are presented are those contained within the core model; Multivariate ORs are adjusted for age (continuous), marital status (married/single/separated or divorced/widowed), highest education level attained (primary/secondary/third level), employment status (employed/retired/other), smoking status (never/past/current), number of GP visits in the past year (continuous), receipt of influenza vaccine (ever/never), number of chronic illness reported (continuous), GMS eligibility (yes/no), prior cancer diagnosis (yes/no) and reported receipt of medicines for BPH.