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Table 3 Breastfeeding characteristics of participants in a case control study of mastitis.

From: A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

 

Cases (N = 100)

n (%)

Controls (N = 99)

n (%)

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Significance*

Nipple pain

70/99 (71)

35/99 (35)

4.41

2.43

8.02

*p = 0.000

Grazed nipple

47/99 (48)

9/99 (9)

9.04

4.10

19.93

*p = 0.000

Cracked nipple

44/99 (44)

5/99 (5)

15.04

5.63

40.19

*p = 0.000

White spot

16/98 (16)

7/99 (7)

2.56

1.01

6.54

*p = 0.049

Breast engorgement (needed to express)

51/100 (51)

19/99 (19)

1.76

1.19

2.61

*p = 0.005

Blocked duct

52/100 (52)

13/99 (13)

3.70

2.39

5.71

*p = 0.000

Missed feeds

53/99 (54)

36/99 (36)

1.76

1.05

2.93

*p = 0.032

More than 6 hours between feeds

45/100 (45)

38/99 (38)

1.31

0.75

2.31

p = 0.344

Hurrying feeds

38/100 (38)

48/99 (48)

0.92

0.55

1.54

p = 0.745

Feeding less than usual

11/98 (11)

4/99 (4)

0.95

0.70

1.31

p = 0.770

Pressure on breast: bra

37/99 (37)

20/99 (20)

2.36

1.25

4.46

*p = 0.008

Thickness of milk

8/98 (8)

1/99 (1)

0.95

0.62

1.47

p = 0.833

Too much milk

29/100 (29)

17/99 (17)

1.37

1.09

1.73

*p = 0.007

Baby prefers one breast

48/100 (48)

37/99 (37)

1.55

0.88

2.72

p = 0.1293

Amount of breastfeeding:

      

Fully

77/100 (77)

84/99 (85)

    

Breast and formula

13/100 (13)

15/99 (15)

    

Expressing only

10/100 (10)

0/99 (0)

   

*p = 0.005

Lanolin on nipples

64/100 (64)

35/99 (35)

3.25

1.82

5.81

*p = 0.000

Nipple shields

16/100 (16)

2/99 (2)

9.24

2.06

41.35

*p = 0.004

Breast pads

76/100 (76)

85/99 (86)

0.52

0.25

1.08

p = 0.080

Expressing

86/100 (86)

51/99 (51)

5.78

2.90

11.51

*p = 0.000

Always washed nipples

1/100 (1)

1/99 (1)

0.99

0.06

16.05

p = 0.994

Always washed hands

48/100 (48)

41/99 (41)

1.31

0.75

2.29

p = 0.351

  1. (n = 100 women with mastitis and 99 breastfeeding controls). Melbourne, Australia, 2002–2004.
  2. *chi-square test for all analyses.
  3. **statistically significant.