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Table 3 Characteristics and methods of data collection

From: Patients’ views of adverse events in primary and ambulatory care: a systematic review to assess methods and the content of what patients consider to be adverse events

Study

Countrya

Setting

N

Data collection

Focusb

Definition of adverse events

Questioning design

Answering design according to Schwartz

Brown, 2006 [29]

USA

Primary care (not specified)

22

Individual interview

G

Other

Semi-structured

Open-ended

Buetow, 2009 [26]

NZ

Primary care (not specified)

64

Focus group

G

Reason [23]

Unstructured

Open-ended

Buetow, 2010 [27]

NZ

Primary care (not specified)

64

Focus group

G

Reason [23]

Semi-structured

Partly open-ended

Dowell, 2005 [28]

USA

Primary care (not specified)

21

Focus group

P

NA

Structured

Partly open-ended

Elder, 2005 [30]

USA

University-affiliated, community based family practices

24

Individual interview

P

NA

Structured

Partly open-ended

Gandhi, 2006 [15]

USA

Physicians office, ambulatory surgery, radiology sites, emergency department

NA

Malpractice claims

P

IOM [25]

NA

NA

Gaal, 2011 [49]

NL

Family physicians

250

Malpractice claims

P

NA

NA

NA

Kistler, 2010 [19]

USA

Primary care (medical practices)

1,697

Survey (tel.)

P

Other

Structured

Partly open-ended

Kuzel, 2004 [31]

USA

General internists, pediatricians, family physicians

38

Individual interview

P

Other

Structured

Partly open-ended

Phillips, 2004 [16]

USA

Family physicians, general internists, general pediatricians

49,345

Malpractice claims

P

NA

NA

NA

Phillips, 2006 [22]

USA

General physicians in private practices or residency clinics

NA

Survey (written, internet or tel.)

P

IOM [25]

Structured (for doctors, NA for patients)

Partly open-ended (for doctors, NA for patients)

Schoen, 2004 [20]

AUS, CAN, NZ, UK, USA

Primary care (not specified)

7,200

Survey (tel.)

P

NA

Structured

Close-ended

Solberg, 2008 [23]

USA

Physician multispecialty group

1,998

Survey (written)

P

IOM [25]

Structured

Partly open-ended

Tam, 2008 [17]

China

Primary care clinics

600

Survey (tel.); Voluntary reports; Chart review

P

Other

Structured

Partly open-ended

Unruh, 2006 [32]

USA

Outpatient cancer care

18

Individual interview

P

Reason [23]

NA

NA

Wasson, 2007 [24]

USA

Clinical practices

44,860

Survey (internet)

P

Other

Structured

Partly open-ended

Weingart, 2007 [21]

USA

Cancer center

193

Individual interview

P

NA

Structured

Partly open-ended

Wetzels, 2008 [18]

NL

Family physicians

50

Survey (written); GP & pharmacist reports; Medical and autopsy records

P

WHO [24]

NA

Close-ended

Witman, 1996 [25]

USA

General internal medicine outpatient clinic of a university medical center

149

Survey(written)

G

NA

Structured

Partly open-ended

  1. NA not available
  2. a NZ New Zealand, AUS Australia, CAN Canada, UK United Kingdom, NL Netherlands
  3. b G general attitudes, P personal experience