Table 1 Data extraction of studies included

1. Ward

2. 2020

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 2740

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = NR (NR)

5. n = 1228

6. American Board of Family Medicine

1. Scope of practice

2. Scope of Practice for Primary Care (SP4PC) Score

3. Clinical practice

4. Burnout

5. Self-reported two validated single-item questions

6. Physician clinical status

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.98 (0.96–1.01; NR)

4. N = 2740

1. Mooser

2. 2020

3. Cross-sectional

4. Switzerland

1. N = 199

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 55.0 (8.0)

5. n = 44

6. Primary care physicians’ associations

1. Administrative overload

2. 60-question postal questionnaire

3. Non-clinical activities

4. Loss of meaning in work

5. 60-question postal questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Logistic regression models

2. OR = 4.53 (2.28–9.01; NR)

3. OR = 4.18 (2.04–8.58; NR)

4. N = 190

1. Teaching activity

2. 60-question postal questionnaire

3. Non-clinical activities

4. Loss of meaning in work

5. 60-question postal questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Logistic regression models

2. OR = 0.52 (0.29; 0.91; NR)

3. OR = 0.50 (0.27–0.90; NR)

4. N = 190

1. Weidner

2. 2018

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 1617

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 35.9 (4.4)

5. n = 948

6. Multiple clinical settings

1. Practicing inpatient medicine

2. Survey items

3. Clinical practice

4. Burnout

5. Maslach Burnout Inventory

6. Physician clinical status

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.70 (0.56–0.87; 0.0017)

4. N = 1617

1. Practicing obstetrics

2. Survey items

3. Clinical practice

4. Burnout

5. Maslach Burnout Inventory

6. Physician clinical status

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.64 (0.47–0.88; 0.0058)

4. N = 1617

1. Pediatric ambulatory care

2. Survey items

3. Clinical practice

4. Burnout

5. Maslach Burnout Inventory

6. Physician clinical status

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.88 (0.66–1.19; 0.4200)

4. N = 1617

1. Rodrigues

2. 2016

3. Cohort

4. Portugal

1. N = 421

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Median age = 55

5. n = 214

6. Primary care and hospital

1. Public and private practice

2. Questionnaire

3. Practice settings

4. Quality of antibiotic prescribing

5. European Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption

6. Physician performance

1. Generalized linear mixed models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.13 (0.58–2.22; NR)

4. N = 95

1. Hospital and primary care settings

2. Questionnaire

3. Practice settings

4. Quality of antibiotic prescribing

5. European Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption

6. Physician performance

1. Generalized linear mixed models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.76 (0.39–1.49; NR)

4. N = 96

1. Emergency activity

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical practice

4. Quality of antibiotic prescribing

5. European Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption

6. Physician performance

1. Generalized linear mixed models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 0.29 (0.16–0.54; NR)

4. N = 280

1. Nisen

2. 2016

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 2329

2. Family physicians

3. ≥21 years, n = 961

[11–20], n = 779

≤10 years, n = 589

4. Mean age = 55.0 (NR)

5. n = 857

6. NR

1. Performs endometrial biopsies

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing IUD insertion

5. Do you regularly perform IUD insertion? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 16.88 (12.21–23.35; NR)

4. NR

1. Performs endometrial biopsies

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing Long-acting contraception insertion or removal

5. Do you regularly perform implantable long-acting contraception insertion or removal? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 3.90 (2.54–5.95; NR)

4. NR

1. Performs implant insertions and removals

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing IUD insertion

5. Do you regularly perform IUD insertion? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 9.04 (5.94–13.75; NR)

4. NR

1. Performs IUD insertion

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing Long-acting contraception insertion or removal

5. Do you regularly perform implantable long-acting contraception insertion or removal? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 8.92 (5.93–13.43; NR)

4. NR

1. Performs skin procedures

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing IUD insertion

5. Do you regularly perform IUD insertion? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.63 (0.96–2.77; NR)

4. NR

1. Performs skin procedures

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing Long-acting contraception insertion or removal

5. Do you regularly perform implantable long-acting contraception insertion or removal? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 3.14 (1.50–6.59; NR)

4. NR

1. Provides prenatal care and deliveries

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing IUD insertion

5. Do you regularly perform IUD insertion? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 3.37 (1.99–5.69; NR)

4. NR

1. Provides prenatal care and deliveries

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing Long-acting contraception insertion or removal

5. Do you regularly perform implantable long-acting contraception insertion or removal? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.76 (1.14–2.72; NR)

4. NR

1. Provides prenatal care no deliveries

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing IUD insertion

5. Do you regularly perform IUD insertion? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 3.40 (1.90–6.10; NR)

4. NR

1. Provides prenatal care no deliveries

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical procedures

4. Providing Long-acting contraception insertion or removal

5. Do you regularly perform implantable long-acting contraception insertion or removal? Yes, or no

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.35 (0.75–2.43; NR)

4. NR

1. Peterson

2. 2015

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 8838

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 51.0 (8.5)

5. n = 3403

6. Urban settings

1. Clinical activities

2. Scope of Practice for Primary Care (SP4PC) scale

3. Clinical practices

4. Maintenance of family physician certification

5. Maintenance of certification for family physicians’ examination score

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.08 (1.06–1.11; NR)

4. NR

1. N = 2140

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 51.9 (8.6)

5. n = 623

6. Rural settings

1. Clinical activities

2. Scope of Practice for Primary Care (SP4PC) scale

3. Clinical practices

4. Maintenance of family physician certification

5. Maintenance of certification for family physicians’ examination score

6. Physician performance

1. Logistic regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 1.11 (1.07–1.16; NR)

4. NR

1. Wenghofer

2. 2009

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 532

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 51 (9.91)

5. n = 59

6. clinics and hospitals

1. Focused practice scope

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with chronic conditions

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Focused practice scope

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with continuity of care and referrals

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Focused practice scope

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with well care and health maintenance

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Focused practice scope

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patient records

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Focused practice scope

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with acute conditions and new presentations

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Holds Active Hospital appointment

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with chronic conditions

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Holds Active Hospital appointment

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with continuity of care and referrals

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Holds Active Hospital appointment

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with well care and health maintenance

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Holds Active Hospital appointment

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patient records

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = 0.08 (0.01–0.15; NR)

4. NR

1. Holds Active Hospital appointment

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with acute conditions and new presentations

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Episodic care practice/walk-in clinic

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with chronic conditions

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = −0.166 (−0.31 - -0.03; NR)

4. NR

1. Episodic care practice/walk-in clinic

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with continuity of care and referrals

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Episodic care practice/walk-in clinic

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Providing patients with well care and health maintenance

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Episodic care practice/walk-in clinic

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patient records

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Episodic care practice/walk-in clinic

2. Extracted from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry or self-reported by family physicians

3. Clinical practices

4. Managing patients with acute conditions and new presentations

5. Multiple-item measure scores on physician ranging from 1 to 4

6. Physician performance

1. Linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Regression coefficient = NR (NR; p>0.05)

4. NR

1. Thind

2. 2009

3. Cross-sectional

4. Canada

1. N = 719

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = 48.4 (NR)

5. n = 415

6. NR

1. Teaching activities

2. Questionnaire

3. Variety of activities

4. Family physician satisfaction

5. How satisfied are you with your current practice? Score ranged from 1 to 5; Score = 5 very satisfied <5 not very satisfied

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Generalized linear mixed models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. OR = 2.59 (NR; 0.000)

4. N = 620

1. Rivet

2. 2007

3. Cross-sectional

4. Canada

1. N = 20,507

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. Mean age = NR (NR)

5. n = 7134

6. All except free-standing walk-in clinics, nursing homes, hospital inpatient units, or emergency departments

1. Variety of procedures done

2. List of 18 procedures

3. Clinical procedures

4. Family physician satisfaction

5. Three items of satisfaction in the survey. Score ranged from 3 to 21

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Multiple linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Standardized regression coefficient = 0.04 (NR; 0.001)

4. N = 16,877

4. Mean age = NR (NR)

5. n = 7134

6. Private offices or clinics, community clinics or health centres, or academic family medicine teaching units

1. Teaching

2. Self-report questionnaire

3. Variety of activities

4. Family physician satisfaction

5. Three items of satisfaction in the survey. Score ranged from 3 to 21

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Multiple linear regression models

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. Standardized regression coefficient = 0.52 (NR; 0.000)

4. N = 16,877

1. Cavanagh

2. 2006

3. Cross-sectional

4. Canada

1. N = 182

2. Family physicians

3. Mean = 16.5 years

4. Mean age = NR (NR)

5. n = 79

6. Province of Newfoundland: Urban, Semi urban, and Rural

1. Perform deliveries

2. Adaptation of the questionnaire used by Carroll et al.

3. Clinical procedures

4. Offering maternal serum screening to all pregnant patients

5. Adaptation of the questionnaire used by Carroll et al.

6. Physician performance

1. Chi-square test

2. OR = 4.31 (1.81–10.22; NR)

3. NR (NR; NR)

4. N = 119

1. Perform deliveries

2. Adaptation of the questionnaire used by Carroll et al.

3. Clinical procedures

4. Offering maternal serum screening to all pregnant patients

5. Adaptation of the questionnaire used by Carroll et al.

6. Physician performance

1. Chi-square test

2. OR = 4.87 (1.81–10.22; NR)

3. NR (NR; NR)

4. N = 87

1. Eliason

2. 2000

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 712

2. Family physicians

3. Median = 22 years

4. Mean age = NR (NR)

5. n = 121

6. Multiple settings

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Security (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analysis of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 700

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Hedonism (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 704

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Universalism (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 701

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Conformity (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 704

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Power (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.01)

4. N = 703

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Benevolence (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 706

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Self-direction (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 698

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Stimulation (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 699

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Achievement (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 703

1. Inpatient care practices

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Tradition (Family physician personal value)

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 695

1. Multiple practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Satisfaction

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 712

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Hedonism

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.006)

4. N = 704

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Universalism

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 701

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Conformity

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 704

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Power

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 703

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Benevolence

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 706

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Self-direction

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 698

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Stimulation

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 699

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Achievement

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 703

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Tradition

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 695

1. Teaching medical trainees

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Diversity of activities

4. Security

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.004)

4. N = 700

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Hedonism

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.02)

4. N = 704

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Universalism

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.02)

4. N = 701

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Conformity

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.05)

4. N = 704

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Power

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 703

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Benevolence

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 706

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Self-direction

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 698

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Stimulation

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 699

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Achievement

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 703

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Tradition

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; > 0.05)

4. N = 695

1. Obstetric practice

2. The Schwartz values questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Security

5. The Schwartz values questionnaire

6. Psychosocial outcomes

1. Analyse of variance and regression analysis

2. NR (NR; NR)

3. NR (NR; = 0.004)

4. N = 700

1. Vinson

2. 1996

3. Cross-sectional

4. USA

1. N = 22

2. Family physicians

3. NR

4. NR (NR)

5. NR

6. Clinics and hospitals

1. Teaching

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Time spent at work

5. Objective measure

6. Physician performance

1. Paired t test

2. Mean difference = 52 (16–88; = 0.007)

3. NR (NR; NR)

4. N = 22

1. Teaching

2. Questionnaire

3. Clinical practices

4. Number of patients seen per hour

5. Objective measure

6. Physician performance

1. Paired t test

2. Mean difference = −0.6 (−1.1, −0.1; = 0.03)

3. NR (NR; NR)

4. N = 22