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Table 4 Association of caregiver and patient characteristics with outpatient medical follow-up (specialist outpatient care) 0–3 months post-stroke

From: Role of caregiver factors in outpatient medical follow-up post-stroke: observational study in Singapore

Variable

Reference category

SOC Visits (0 - 3 months)

IRR (95% CI)

P-value

aIRRa (95% CI)

P-value

Caregiver factors

 Age (in years)

 

0.999 (0.992, 1.006)

0.780

  

 Gender

Male

1.187 (0.951, 1.483)

0.130

  

 Ethnicity

Non-Chinese

0.992 (0.827, 1.191)

0.934

  

 Marital status

Single

0.975 (0.784, 1.213)

0.820

  

 Caregiver relationship

Spouse

 

0.380

  

 Adult-child

 

0.959 (0.782, 1.175)

  

 Sibling

 

0.946 (0.588, 1.522)

  

 Others

 

0.680 (0.441, 1.049)

  

 Comorbid conditions

None

 

0.857

  

  1

 

1.021 (0.818, 1.274)

  

  2

 

0.875 (0.626, 1.223)

  

  ≥3

 

0.955 (0.683, 1.335)

  

 Co-residing with patient

No

1.269 (0.927, 1.736)

0.137

  

 Caring for multiple care recipients

No

0.977 (0.813, 1.175)

0.807

  

Revised memory and behavior checklist

 Memory problems

 

1.005 (0.990, 1.020)

0.486

  

 Depressive behavior problems

 

1.018 (1.001, 1.036)

0.040

  

 Disruptive behavior problems

 

1.004 (0.979, 1.028)

0.773

  

Caregiver burden

 Oberst caregiving burden scale

 

1.004 (0.997, 1.011)

0.308

  

 Zarit burden interview

 

0.997 (0.986, 1.009)

0.670

  

Family conflict

 Attitude towards patient

 

1.011 (0.991, 1.032)

0.295

  

 Attitude towards caregiver

 

1.013 (0.992, 1.034)

0.233

  

Social support (instrumental)

 FDW for general help

No

1.016 (0.805, 1.282)

0.894

  

 FDW for stroke patient

No

1.085 (0.835, 1.409)

0.544

  

 Social support (perceived)

 

0.984 (0.966, 1.002)

0.076

  

Care management strategies

 Positive strategies

 

0.996 (0.988, 1.005)

0.396

  

 Negative strategies

 

1.008 (0.988, 1.027)

0.443

  

Patient factors

 Age (in years)

 

0.994 (0.985, 1.002)

0.156

  

 Gender

Male

1.027 (0.851, 1.240)

0.778

  

 Ethnicity

Non-Chinese

0.961 (0.801, 1.154)

0.670

  

 Marital status

Single

1.011 (0.804, 1.271)

0.926

  

 Ward class

Unsubsidized

1.111 (0.787, 1.567)

0.550

  

 CCI

1 - 3

 

0.086

  

 4 - 6

 

1.137 (0.891, 1.451)

  

 >= 7

 

1.387 (1.032, 1.865)

  

 Stroke type

Non-ischemic

0.796 (0.613, 1.034)

0.088

  

 Recurrent stroke

No

1.308 (1.045, 1.637)

0.019

  

 National Institute of Health Scale

Mild (0-4)

 

0.021

  

 Moderately severe (5-14)

 

0.779 (0.639, 0.948)

  

 Severe (15-24)

 

1.151 (0.799, 1.658)

  

 Modified rankin scale

No or slight disability (0-2)

    

 Moderate or severe disability (3-5)

 

1.081 (0.898, 1.301)

0.411

  

 Mini-mental state examination

No cognitive impairment (24-30)

 

0.756

  

 Mild cognitive impairment (18-23)

 

1.034 (0.835, 1.280)

  

 Severe cognitive impairment (1-17)

 

0.928 (0.721, 1.196)

  

 Discharge to community hospital

No

0.952 (0.771, 1.175)

0.646

  

 Centre for epidemiological studies depression scale

 

1.010 (0.994, 1.027)

0.208

  
  1. Abbreviations: IRR incidence rate ratio, aIRR adjusted incidence rate ratio, CI confidence interval, FDW foreign domestic worker
  2. aModel adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and ward class of the patient