Table 1 SPIDER inclusion and exclusion criteria

Sample

Primary care clinician^a (including primary allied health) referred the intervention (e.g., prescription for someone with heart disease to a community walking group)

Healthcare settings outside of primary care (i.e., secondary, tertiary, inpatient)

Phenomenon of Interest

The prescription or use of NDIs (including dietary, physical, psychological, and self-management interventions with non-drug components) for the prevention, treatment, or management of a chronic condition/s (e.g., cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, musculoskeletal, chronic respiratory, mental health, neurological)

Only use of pharmacological or surgical interventions; interventions to manage acute conditions

Design

Reviews of primary studies with systematic methods (e.g., systematic or scoping reviews) that include relevant evaluation outcomes collected by any means (e.g., questionnaire, focus group, interviews etc).

Rapid reviews, non-systematic literature reviews, overviews of systematic reviews, primary studies, study protocols, editorials, commentaries, abstracts

Evaluation

Barriers and/or enablers reported by clinicians, patients, or health systems to using or adhering to NDIs.

Barriers and enablers not reported, or reported combined with pharmacological/surgical interventions. Reviews reporting ‘associated factors’ (e.g., clinical or sociodemographic factors associated with exercise).

Research Type

Any review type meets other criteria if majority of data was primarily qualitative or mixed methods.

Syntheses that included quantitative data only.